TALLER N° 6

Dealing with How Internet Infrastructure Works

(Original text at http://computer.howstuffworks.com/internet-infrastructure.htm/printable )

1. VOCABULARY EXERCISE

Match the elements in the two lists:

                                   1. network -  i.                                    a. order

                                  

                                   2. however --  j.                                  b. surprising

                                   3. hierarchy – h.                                 c. big

                                                                         

                                   4. provider -- d.                                  d. supplier

                                   5. dedicated – a.                                 e. get to

                                   6. amazing -- b.                                  f. special

                                   7. major – c.                                       g. run

                                   8. flow -- g.                                        h. important

                                   9. arrive --  e.                                     i. web

                                   10. crucial – f.                                    j. nevertheless

2. MANIPULATING VERBS (in the Protocol of the Internet section)

Fill in the blanks with the right verbs from the box:

have                                        represents                                           was                 

call                                          use                                                      contains

a. The machines have unique identifying numbers.

b. The computers use binary numbers.

c. We represents the four numbers in an IP address octets.

d. The Net section always contains the first octet.

e. The system with typical IP addresses was fine when the computers were few.

f. www.howstuffworks.com call HowStuffWorks.com’s IP address.

3. UNDERSTANDING EXPRESSIONS IN ENGLISH

Use the underlined expressions in a new sentence:

a. We use the Internet’s DNS servers to translate the human-readable domain name into the machine-readable IP address.

R. Students need to practice and translate Portuguese

b. The left-most word, like www, is the host name.

R. My boss broke his left leg

c. A given domain name can contain millions of host names as long as they are all unique.

R. You deserve respect as long as I give it

d. Once it has made a request to a root DNS server for any .COM domain, it knows the IP address for a DNS server handling the .COM domain.

R. love only live once

e. All the machines on the Internet are either servers or clients.

R. Either candidate can win

4. TRANSLATION OF PHRASES

Give a Spanish version of the following phrases in the text:

1. a global collection of networks
2. a non-profit group established in 1992
3. worldwide web
4. Network Access Points
5. Point of Presence

R.

a.    Una colección mundial de redes. 

b.    Un grupo sin ánimo de lucro establecido en 1992. 

c.    Web mundial. 

d.    Punto de acceso de red. 

e.    Punto de presencia.

TALLER N° 5

PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE

PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE We form the present continuous tense by placing the appropriate form of to-be before the present participle (ING form) of the main verb. I  AM  STUDYING                                            WE ARE   STUDYING        YOU ARE  STUDYING                                     YOU ARE STUDYING HE IS  STUDYING SHE IS STUDYING IT IS STUDYING                                               THEY ARE STUDYING The Present continuous tense describes an action that is going on at the present moment. Example:  He is talking with her now    /     He is not talking with me                                        We form questions with to-be by placing the verb before the subject. Example:           Mary is building her new house   (present progressive or continue tense)                           Is Mary building her new house? (present progressive or continue tense)

LAS REGLAS DEL "ING":

Cuando nosotros le agregamos el sufijo ING a los verbos regulares e irregulares del inglés, le damos la terminación verbal ANDO-ENDO, ejemplo: Playing-jugando, sleeping-durmiendo; esto sucede con la mayoría, pero existen algunos casos especiales donde debemos tener en cuenta los siguientes aspectos:

1°.- Cuando un verbo regular o irregular termina en la letra "e", pero ésta es no sonora en su fonema o pronunciación, la debemos omitir y procedemos  a agregar el ING.

Example:

TAKE             TAKEING (INCORRECTO)

[TEIK]

TAKE            TAKING (CORRECTO)

[TEIK]             [TEIKING]

2°.- Cuando el verbo termina en "e" sonora, procedemos a agregarle ING example:
SEE    SEEING (CORRECTO)            BE      BEING (CORRECTO)

[SI]     [SING]                                            [BI]     [BING]

3°.- Si el verbo termina en una consonante precedida de una vocal acentuada, a excepción de W-X-Y-Z, duplicamos la última consonante y le agregamos ING,

Examples:
STOP                 STOPPING

SWIM                SWIMMING

BEGIN              BEGINNING

NOTA: Lo mismo sucede cuando es un verbo de tres letras con vocal intermedia,

Examples:

RUN                  RUNNING

PUT                   PUTTING

                       

4º.- Para los terminados en IC, se le agrega la terminación KING, example: PICNIC- queda PICNIKING, que significa comida informal que se realiza de puertas para afuera.

5°. - EXCEPCIONES; Tenemos los verbos:
TIE                TYING   (AMARRAR)

 LIE    -         LYING   (MENTIR)

 DIE    -           DYING   (MORIR)

El verbo DYE (TEÑIR), no se le suprime la "e", para no confundirlo con DIE
(MORIR), entonces queda DYE          DYEING

Recordemos que el ING se emplea después de cualquier forma del verbo TO - ­BE.

A.- Complete the following sentences with the present continuous form of the verbs given in parentheses:

1.- They are WAITING for us on the corner now.

2.- The bus is STOPPING for us now.

3.- Listen!, I think the telephone is RINGING  now.

4.- I see that you are WEARING your new suit today.

5.- Look!, It is BEGINNING to rain.

6.- Listen!, someone  is KNOCKING at the door.

7.- Please be quiet!, The baby is SLEEPING in this moment.

8.- Look!, the cat is TRYING to climb that tall tree.

9.- Helen is DOING good progress in her studies.

10.- The leaves are BEGINNING to fall from the tress.

11.- Listen!, Mary is PLAYING the piano.

12.- John is HAVING lunch in the cafeteria now.

13.- At the present, they are TRAVELLING in South of America.

14.- Be careful!, the teacher is WATCHING you.

15.- They are HAVING sales in all the big stores now.

B.- Take the exercises given above and bring them to the negative as in the examples.

1.- They are not waiting for us on the corner now.

2.- The bus is not stopping for us now.

3.- Listen!, I think the telephone is  not ringing  now.

4.- I see that you are not wearing your new suit today.

5.- Look!, It isn’t beginning to rain.

6.- Listen!, someone  isn’t  knocking at the door.

7.- Please be quiet!, The baby is not sleeping in this moment.

8.- Look!, the cat is not trying to climb that tall tree.

9.- Helen is not doing good progress in her studies.

10.- The leaves are not beginning to fall from the tress.

11.- Listen!, Mary is not playing the piano.

12.- John is not having lunch in the cafeteria now.

13.- At the present, they aren’t travelling in South of America.

14.- Be careful!, the teacher is not watching you.

15.- They aren’t having sales in all the big stores now.

C.- Take the exercises given above and bring them to question forms as in the examples.

1.-  Are they waiting for us on the corner now?

2.- Is the bus stopping for us now?

3.- Listen!, Is think the telephone ringing  now?

4.- I see that are you wearing your new suit today?

5.- Look!, Is it beginning to rain?

6.- Listen!, Is someone knocking at the door?

7.- Is the baby sleeping in this moment?

8.- Look!, Is the cat trying to climb that tall tree?

9.- Is Helen doing good progress in her studies?

10.- Are  the leaves beginning to fall from the tress? 

11.- Listen!, Is Mary playing the piano?

12.- Is John having lunch in the cafeteria now?

13.- At the present, Are they travelling in South of America?

14.- Be careful!, Is the teacher watching you?

15.- Are they having sales in all the big stores now?

TALLER N° 4

FIRST SEMESTER

VERBO TO-BE:

Este verbo significa ser o estar, se destaca dentro de todos los verbos del Ingles única y exclusivamente porque él maneja SUS PROPIAS ESTRUCTURAS – Orden de las partes de un todo – gramaticales, es decir que él pasa de una oración afirmativa a negativa, a pregunta de si o no y a pregunta de información sin necesidad de auxiliar, tal como se puede apreciar en las estructuras gramaticales que más adelante se relacionan, así:

GRAMMAR STRUCTURES:

Orac. Afirm…           SUBJECT     VERB (TO-BE)                    COMPLEMENT

Example:       Luis                is                                my friend.

Orac. Neg.     SUBJECT     VERB (TO-BE)-NOT           COMPLEMENT

Example:       Luis                is  NOT                                  my brother.

Preg. Si/no.   VERB (TO-BE)     SUBJECT                    COMPLEMENT

Example:       Is                      Luis                           your friend?   Yes, he is.    No, he isn’t

Inform. Quest           Wh…      VERB (TO-BE)                SUBJECT    COMPLEMENT?

Example:       Where         Is                                      Luis             in this moment?      

                        He is at school.

Nota: De lo anterior se  concluye que si Usted necesita construir una oración afirmativa, negativa, pregunta de si o no y pregunta de información, DEBE seguir la respectiva estructura gramatical (exclusivas para el verbo TO-BE).

Conjugación del verbo TO-BE

PERSONAL PRONOUNS	TO-BE VERB IN PRESENT TENSE	TO-BE VERB IN PAST TENSE	NUMBER
I	AM	WAS	SINGULAR
HE SHE IT	IS
WE ** YOU THEY	ARE	WERE	PLURAL

** YOU se utiliza para singular y plural – Usted y ustedes-.

A.- Supply the correct form of TO-BE verb in present tense (AFFIRMATIVE).

1.- He is a good student

2.- They are old friends

3.- I am a student

4.- John and Peter are  absent from the class today

5.- We are both students

6.- The weather  is good today

7.- The sky is clear

8.- Henry and John are brothers

9.- She and I are brothers (siblings)

10.- Mr Smith is sick today

11.- She is a businesswoman

12.- Mr Jones is a lawyer

13.- Today is Wednesday

14.- She and John are both good students

15.- The policeman in the corner is busy with the traffic today

16.- He and I are old friends.

TO-BE (negative and question forms) We form the negative of to-be by placing not after the verb. Example:            He is a teacher   /         He is not a doctor                                      We form questions with to-be by placing the verb before the subject. Example:           Mary is very sick  in her house today                           Is Mary very sick in her house today?

B- Change the following sentences from affirmative to the negative form.

1.-  They are in Europe now.               

NEGATIVE: They aren’t in Europe now.

2.-  John is angry with you.               

NEGATIVE:  John isn’t angry with you.

3.-  He and she are cousins.              

NEGATIVE:  He and she aren’t cousins.

4.-  He is very studious.                      

NEGATIVE: He is not very studious.

5.-  Both sisters are tall.                     

NEGATIVE:  Both sisters are not tall

6.-  She is a funny girl.                       

NEGATIVE: She is not a funny girl

7.- They are members of the country club.

NEGATIVE: They aren’t members of the country club

8.-  He is a good tennis player.          

NEGATIVE: He is not a good tennis player

9.-  Mr. Smith is a pilot with American Airlines.

NEGATIVE: Mr. Smith is not a pilot with American Airlines

10.- The sky is very cloudy today.        

NEGATIVE: The sky is not very cloudy today

11.-  The office of the principal is on the third floor office.        

NEGATIVE: The office of the principal is not on the third floor office

12.- It is cold today.                          

NEGATIVE: Today is not cold

13.- She is a tall, blonde girl.            

NEGATIVE: She isn’t a tall, blonde girl

14.- It is a good movie.                     

NEGATIVE: It is not a good movie

15.- The stamps are in my desk.      

NEGATIVE:  The stamps are not in my desk

16.- He is in his office.                       

NEGATIVE: He is not in his office

C.- Change all the sentences above to the question form.

1.-  Are they in Europe now?              

2.-  Is John angry with you?            

3.- Are he and she cousins?          

4.- Is he very studious?                 

5.-  Are both sisters tall?                     

6.-  Is she a funny girl?                    

7.-  Are they members of the country club?

8.-  Is he a good tennis player?         

9.-  Is mr. Smith a pilot with American Airlines?

10.- Is the sky very cloudy today?

11.- Is the office of the principal on the third floor office?      

12.- Is it cold today?

13.- Is she a tall, blonde girl?         

14.- Is it a good movie?                   

15.- Are the stamps in my desk?

16.- Is he in his office?

ARTICULO SINGULAR INDEFINIDO (A – AN):

En el idioma Inglés, se utiliza el artículo singular indefinido A – AN – que significan UN – UNO – UNA; recordemos que un artículo es la categoría gramatical que va antes del sustantivo para definirlo en género y en número;  en Inglés, hay que tener cuidado al usarlo, ya que está definido desde la gramática, que usamos A antes de una consonante y  AN antes de una vocal, ejemplos:  AN  actor, AN  apple, AN engineer. (Un actor, una manzana, un ingeniero).

A  Doctor, A  dog, A  pear. (Un doctor, un perro, una pera.)

Complete the following sentences with A – AN:

1.-   It is A lovely day                                            

2.-  It is AN old university

3.-   He is AN unusual man                                            

4.-  It is AN exception to the rule

5.-   It is A long trip, but it is AN easy trip                       

6.-  It is A  large library

7.-   It is AN orange                                               

8.-  They are A pears 

9.-   He is A honest man                                      

10. She is AN old woman

11.- His car is AN used car                                              

12  It is A tall tree

13.- It is AN egg                                                     

14  It is AN apple

15.- It is AN old bus                                              

16  It is AN empty bottle

17.- He is AN actor                                                

18  It is A windy day

19.- It is A good idea                                             

20  It is A new building

ARTICULO DEFINIDO DEL INGLES (THE):

THE Significa: El, la, los, las, es decir que sirve para singular y plural, para masculino y femenino, ejemplos: The car, the cars, the house, the houses.

EL ADJETIVO CALIFICATIVO:

Es lo que se dice del sustantivo para calificarlo. Ejemplo: La casa grande, en este caso se le atribuye a la casa la cualidad, el atributo o la característica de grande; pero este aspecto gramatical, se puede considerar que es uno de los que marca una gran diferencia entre los dos idiomas, porque en español puedo jugar con el orden de las palabras, lo que NO sucede en Inglés, porque este idioma por su gramática exige que el adjetivo siempre se use antes que el sustantivo; al traducir la oración, literalmente quedaría como LA GRANDE CASA (The big house), de allí que coloquialmente se diga que en inglés todo es al revés.

Examples:

El niño alto.  La niña alta.                         Los niños altos.                   Las niñas altas.

The Tall boy. The Tall girl.             The Tall boys.                      The Tall girls.

Note que el adjetivo Tall (Alto, alta, altos y altas), en ningún momento cambia de género, ni de número, y que siempre se utiliza antes que el sustantivo

THE PLURAL RULES

Las reglas de los plurales fueron concebidas para pluralizar los sustantivos, a la mayoría basta con agregarles una “S”, pero al decir mayoría, se afirma que queda una minoría, los cuales tienen un tratamiento diferente para pasar de singular a Plural, entre ellos tenemos las siguientes características:

1ª.- Los terminados en la letra “Y”, pero precedidos por una consonante, para pasar de singular a Plural, se debe cambiar la letra “Y” por una “I” y SE agrega “ES”, ej:

CITY – CITIES             (CIUDAD – CIUDADES)

PARTY – PARTIES    (FIESTA – FIESTAS)

HOBBY – HOBBIES   (PASATIEMPO – PASATIEMPOS).

Los terminados en “Y” precedidos de una vocal, pertenecen a la mayoría y basta con agregarles una “S”, ej:

DAY – DAYS                       (DIA – DIAS)

BOY – BOYS           (NIÑO – NIÑOS)

TOY – TOYS            (JUGUETE – JUGUETES)

2ª.- Los terminados en F y en FE, para pasar de singular a plural, se debe cambiar la letra F por una V y agregar “ES”, Ej:

KNIFE – KNIVES                (CUHILLO –NAVAJA – CUHILLOS – NAVAJAS)

LEAF – LEAVES                 (HOJA del árbol – HOJAS)

3ª.- Los terminados en CH, SH, O, S, X, Z, para ser llevados plural, se les debe agregar ES, ej:

WATCH – WATCHES        (RELOJ – RELOJES)

CRASH – CRASHES        (CHOQUE – ESTRELLONES/CHOQUES)

TOMATO- TOMATOES      (TOMATE – TOMATES)

CLASS – CLASSES          (CLASE – CLASES)

FOX – FOXES                     (ZORRO – ZORROS)

BUZZ – BUZZES                (ZUMBIDO - ZUMBIDOS)

SOME GRAMMAR CATEGORIES

PERSONAL PRONOUNS	POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES	OBJECT PRONOUNS	POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS	REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS
I	MY	ME	MINE	MYSELF
YOU	YOUR	YOU	YOURS	YOURSELF
HE	HIS	HIM	HIS	HIMSELF
SHE	HER	HER	HERS	HERSELF
IT	ITS	IT	ITS	ITSELF
WE	OUR	US	OURS	OURSELVES
YOU	YOUR	YOU	YOURS	YOURSELVES
THEY	THEIR	THEM	THEIRS	THEMSELVES

1.- PRONOMBRE PERSONAL es la categoría gramatical que se emplea para reemplazar a un sustantivo, cuando este ocupa el lugar del sujeto dentro de una oración:

Examples:

Luis is my friend                 -           He is my friend.

Mary was in Cali                 -           She was in Cali.

Luis and Mary are siblings          -           They are siblings.

2.- ADJETIVO POSESIVO es la categoría gramatical que denota propiedad o pertenencia; en Inglés cada pronombre personal tiene su propio adjetivo posesivo y no son intercambiables entre si, ésto le cambia el sentido a la oración.

Examples:

Luis is with his son.

Mary was with her husband in Cali.

I am with my friend.

3.- OBJETO PRONOMBRE es la categoría gramatical que se emplea para reemplazar a un pronombre personal cuando éste debe ser utilizado como complemento, es decir, en esta parte de la oración no se puede usar ningún pronombre personal, sino que se tiene que emplear el respectivo objeto pronombre; por otra parte, los objetos pronombres no pueden ser utilizados como sujetos en una oración. En conclusión, los pronombres personales van como sujeto y los objetos pronombre van en el complemento.

Examples:

We are with  Luis                We are with him (Right)

We are with he (wrong)

They are with Mary             They are with her (Right)

They are with She (wrong)

4.- PRONOMBRE POSESIVO es la categoría gramatical que se utiliza para reemplazar a un adjetivo posesivo más un sustantivo.

Examples:

Este es mi carro                             This is my car                      -           This  is mine

Esa es nuestra casa                                 That is our house               -           That is ours

5.- PRONOMBRE REFLEXIVO es la categoría gramatical que se utiliza para indicar que la acción la ejecuta el mismo sujeto de la oración, o que su resultado recae sobre el mismo.

Examples:

Quién lastimó a mi hijo?                           (Acción= Lastimar               Sujeto= El)

Nadie, él se lastimó solo.

Who hurt my son?

Nobody, he hurt himself.

Quién le hace las tareas a Maria?          (Acción= Hacer                   Sujeto= Ella)

Nadie, ella hace las tareas por si misma.

Who does the homework to Maria?

Nobody, Maria does the homework by herself

Note: Los anteriores conceptos gramaticales deben ser tenidos en cuenta para su correcta aplicación, tanto a nivel oral como escrito; y recuerde, que cada pronombre personal tiene sus propias categorías gramaticales y que éstas no pueden ser intercambiadas indiscriminadamente, ya que un intercambio inadecuado, le cambia el significado o la connotación a la oración y puede diferir de la intencionalidad del parlante.